France Essay -- essays research papers fc

Presentation      France, which is the biggest country in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a significant country in Europe and it keeps on being engaged with contemporary strategy issues. Helping the world as one of the extraordinary exchanging countries, France is a significant exchanging accomplice with the United States. In addition to the fact that france is imperative to the United States, they are likewise essential to nations everywhere throughout the world. Their bounty of both mineral and agrarian assets make them a significant provider of items everywhere throughout the world. I decided to provide details regarding France since it is an intriguing region and I needed to get familiar with it. Geology      France is situated in Western Europe and has a territory of around 211,000 square miles. Alongside being the capital, Paris is likewise the biggest city in France. Spain outskirts France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany, Luxembourg, and Belgium in the upper east. The French Alps are situated in the east where snow topped pinnacles, for example, Mont. Blanc arrive at statures of 15,781 feet. Around one-portion of France’s all out fringe is shaped by coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlantic and the English Channel on the west and northwest. Numerous streams and channels go through France shaping a huge system, tying various locales and urban areas together. The Seine is the country’s biggest traversable stream. It streams northwest from eastern France through the city of Paris, and discharges into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone River is the biggest in the nation as far as volume of release. Alon gside its tributaries, it depletes the French Alpine district. In spite of the fact that France has numerous waterways, it just has a couple of lakes. One of the lakes in France is Lake Geneva (otherwise called Lake Leman), yet in lies fundamentally in Switzerland.      France is luxuriously supplied with a magnificent equalization of both mineral and farming assets. The country produces generous measures of iron metal. Likewise, France has sizable stores of antimony magnesium, pyrites, tungsten, salt, potash, radioactive materials, lead and zinc. Coal mining has diminished essentially since the 1960’s, the same number of mines have been exhausted and are currently shut. As of now, the creation of gaseous petrol and sulfur is being created. History Franc... ...he start of France, they have many intriguing highlights. Their administration is from multiple points of view like the United State’s government. The three parts of government give a valiant effort to help make and complete the law.      Not just is France an excellent nation, it is likewise the home to many intriguing individuals. It is an extremely esteemed country that is continually changing and developing monetarily and strategically. France will keep on having solid global impact and will endeavor to continue framing and doing arrangement that will profit their nation and the remainder of the world. Works Cited Dell, Dick, ed. Individuals and Places. Vol. 2. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1996. Dr. Warmenhoven, Henri. â€Å"France.† Grolier Global Studies. 1991 ed. Famighettie, Robert, ed. World Almanac Books. New Jersey: World Almanac Books, 1997. â€Å"France.† Encyclopedia Britannica. 1998 ed. Terrains and Peoples. Vol. 3. Connecticut: Grolier Educational, 1999. Murphy, C. â€Å"France Almost Goes Capitalist.† Fortune 21 September 1999: 46-48. Sancton, T.A. â€Å"French revolution.† TIME October 1999: 76. World Mark Encyclopeida of the Nations. Version 7. New York: Worldmark Press, LTD. 1988. France Essay - papers look into papers fc Presentation      France, which is the biggest country in Western Europe, is a presidential republic. France is a significant country in Europe and it keeps on being associated with contemporary approach issues. Helping the world as one of the extraordinary exchanging countries, France is a significant exchanging accomplice with the United States. In addition to the fact that france is essential to the United States, they are likewise imperative to nations everywhere throughout the world. Their plenitude of both mineral and agrarian assets make them a significant provider of items everywhere throughout the world. I decided to provide details regarding France since it is an intriguing area and I needed to study it. Topography      France is situated in Western Europe and has a region of around 211,000 square miles. Alongside being the capital, Paris is additionally the biggest city in France. Spain fringes France in the south, Italy and Switzerland in the east, and Germany, Luxembourg, and Belgium in the upper east. The French Alps are situated in the east where snow topped pinnacles, for example, Mont. Blanc arrive at statures of 15,781 feet. Around one-portion of France’s all out fringe is shaped by coastline, with the Mediterranean Sea on the Southeast and the Atlantic and the English Channel on the west and northwest. Numerous waterways and channels go through France framing a huge system, tying various areas and urban areas together. The Seine is the country’s biggest safe waterway. It streams northwest from eastern France through the city of Paris, and discharges into the channel at Le Harre. The Rhone River is the biggest in the nation as far as volume of release. Alongside its tributaries, it depletes the French Alpine locale. Despite the fact that France has numerous streams, it just has a couple of lakes. One of the lakes in France is Lake Geneva (otherwise called Lake Leman), however in lies for the most part in Switzerland.      France is lavishly enriched with a phenomenal equalization of both mineral and rural assets. The country produces generous measures of iron mineral. Also, France has sizable stores of antimony magnesium, pyrites, tungsten, salt, potash, radioactive materials, lead and zinc. Coal mining has diminished essentially since the 1960’s, the same number of mines have been drained and are currently shut. Right now, the creation of gaseous petrol and sulfur is being created. History Franc... ...he beginning of France, they have many entrancing highlights. Their administration is from multiple points of view like the United State’s government. The three parts of government give a valiant effort to help make and complete the law.      Not just is France a delightful nation, it is likewise the home to many fascinating individuals. It is an extremely lofty country that is continually changing and developing monetarily and strategically. France will keep on having solid global impact and will endeavor to continue framing and doing approach that will profit their nation and the remainder of the world. Works Cited Dell, Dick, ed. Individuals and Places. Vol. 2. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1996. Dr. Warmenhoven, Henri. â€Å"France.† Grolier Global Studies. 1991 ed. Famighettie, Robert, ed. World Almanac Books. New Jersey: World Almanac Books, 1997. â€Å"France.† Encyclopedia Britannica. 1998 ed. Grounds and Peoples. Vol. 3. Connecticut: Grolier Educational, 1999. Murphy, C. â€Å"France Almost Goes Capitalist.† Fortune 21 September 1999: 46-48. Sancton, T.A. â€Å"French revolution.† TIME October 1999: 76. World Mark Encyclopeida of the Nations. Release 7. New York: Worldmark Press, LTD. 1988.

Cultural attitudes-Mice and Men Essay

The accompanying article takes a gander at the social mentalities and qualities communicated by the individuals from the farm and society in â€Å"Of mice and Men† by John Steinbeck, and that it is so critical to the fundamental subjects of the novella. The book was first distributed in nineteen thirty seven and is set during the incredible wretchedness. Steinbeck based the story as his own understanding as a bindle firm. When taking a gander at the connection among people in the story, ladies are overlooked. Curley’s spouse is commonly overlooked, all through the story. Curley and his better half invest the vast majority of the energy searching for one another as a few focuses in the novel, Curley’s spouse asks â€Å"Have you seen Curley?† and the other way around for Curley. We are additionally ready to see that the connection among Curley and his significant other isn’t an especially a sentimental and cherishing one as in numerous pieces of the story we can see erosion between the two; a prime case of this being when Curley’s spouse indignantly and angrily answers to a request from Curley by saying â€Å"You don’t own me!†. Passing on to us how ladies were looked downward on during the hour of the novella. All through the story, as an out of a male point of view Curley’s spouse would appear to be coy among the men and appearing to be sexual and convincing the men into having a relationship with her. In any case, in the perspective on a female peruser she would be essentially attempting to make companions and more as an endeavor to mingle instead of an endeavor to be a tease as Curley’s spouse is desolate. As Curley’s spouse herself states how forlorn she feels on page 122 while in exchange with Lennie minutes before her demise : â€Å"I get lonely†¦. I cannot converse with no one yet Curley. Else he gets distraught. How’d you like not to converse with anybody?† We are hence ready to see how men would treat their spouses, with no regard or pride. The incongruity of the marriage of Curley and his better half is that they go searching for one another practically constantly and there is such a large number of questions in their relationship.Moreover,it likewise shows how forlorn she is and furthermore gives us a thought how ladies were commonly treated during that timeframe and furthermore how disregarded and disengaged they were from society. On page 124 Curley’s spouse clarifies how she nearly understood her fantasy about being a Hollywood actress.She said she â€Å"met a person, an’ was in the pitchers†¦Says I was a whiz. Soon’s he returned to Hollywood he was going to keep in touch with me about it.† Throughout the story Curley’s spouse wears a cotton red dress and wears make up because of her yearnings of being a Hollywood actress.In reality Curley’s wife can’t accomplish that much wanted objective and doubtlessly is never going to arrive. In particular, Curley’s Wife can't meet her objectives and accomplish her aspirations just in light of the fact that she is hitched to Curley. Everything she can do is simply fantasize. The way that she needs to just barely remain at home, cook, clean and hit the sack with Curley is keeps her from contacting her conceivably feasible dreams. This revealing to us that there was a great deal of sexism associated with this timeframe against ladies. Men could go out procure and do actually whatever they like while ladies/spouses needed to remain at home and give the men/husbands with their necessities. Men’s perspectives towards ladies were childish. Curley’s spouse in the entire novella needs to appropriate name in which she is alluded to. She is simply alluded to in the book and different character’s as Curley’s spouse and not a name; she has no personality in the novella. Ladies have no personality during this timeframe, the reality the Curley’s spouse has no name to be alluded to truly shows the numbness and ignorance towards Women. While looking at ownership and cash in the novella, it is away from Boss of the farm who holds the wonder of riches. The way that he possesses the farm and has earned the riches and business position he is in right currently is because of his own hard work.The incongruity with his child Curley, is that on the chain of command of influence he would be put second most elevated behind his dad; he has not earned or not done anything so as to acquire the power,money or regard. He is simply acquiring it, he is the main individual in the novella to make progress in this easy way. Mentalities towards cash were that on the off chance that you had acquired riches, that you would in any case have it in any case whether you merited it or not. In the novella there is not really any regard towards the old. Candy who is the most established laborer on the farm and has lost one hand has just his canine as his buddy, his pooch is a parellel to him., they were both viewed as pointless and repetitive on the bustling farm. Carlson shows the negligence for him when he means to murder Candy’s hound. Candy begs him and says â€Å"I’ve had him since he was a pup†. All through the contention among Candy and Carlson with respect to Candy’s dog,Candy continually communicates the amount he needs the canine and how severely he needs to keep him by referencing â€Å"No,I couldn’t do that. I had ‘im too long.† Candy has no genuine force in this circumstance because of his capacity on the ranch,his harmed arm and old age.The actuality the Carlson had in a matter of minutes without even thought removed Candy’s just love and is just expectation in his life shows the express negligence and inconsiderateness towards the old. Prejudice is found in the novella too. Hoodlums, who is the main African American is segregated from multiple points of view. He is alluded to by his inability with the name: Crooks, because of his screwy back. Another term he is alluded to is â€Å"nigger† because of his ethnicity, nigger which utilizing the term these days could be a culpable offense. Evildoers is isolated from the remainder of the farm, he is made by the others to live in his own room.As an outcome this makes him feel forlorn as he makes reference to that â€Å"A gut neades someone to be close him† and â€Å"A fellow goes crazy on the off chance that he ain’t got nobody†. The incongruity with Crooks that in spite of the fact that he is separated, he is the main work part on the farm to have his own security. Moreover, notwithstanding his segregation,

How to Win the Attention of Your Prospects With the Help of Sample Essays

How to Win the Attention of Your Prospects With the Help of Sample EssaysYour prospects for a successful education will be greatly influenced by the samples of educational essay overcoming an obstacle that you submit. By learning to write such essays, students can better make use of this exciting new option in order to challenge themselves and their knowledge base. Here are some tips on how to get the best results from them.Get familiar with different types of essay topics. You can find online samples of difficult questions that are assigned to college students. Some of these include 'Understanding Numbers'The Use of Logic.' In each of these, you'll find that you will need to consider different types of questions, depending on the kind of essay you are writing.Give yourself time to think about the essay you are going to write. This is important, because the more time you spend contemplating, the better chance you have of coming up with a clear and well-written essay. Also, do not was te your time doing research on an essay topic that is too hard for you to tackle.Ask your guidance counselor or other academic advisors if they can provide you with homework help. Most will gladly oblige, but you need to know exactly what you are looking for in terms of homework help. You can also look at a local college campus to find out more.Make sure that you have multiple essays written. If you're trying to do one easy essay, then why go through the trouble of doing several? Furthermore, if you have a group project, for example, then you need to write as many essays as possible, since you're sharing the same deadline. Since so many people are submitting samples of educational essay overcoming an obstacle, there are bound to be plenty of opportunities for you to share your experiences with others.Be organized. When you write an essay, it's crucial that you keep track of your thoughts. It can be very difficult to remember what you wrote on the back of a test booklet or your own n otes. In order to keep everything straight, make sure that you jot down all your thoughts on a list somewhere, and then make sure that you review your essays in a single sitting.Remember that the samples of educational essay overcoming an obstacle you submit will play a significant role in determining the results you get from them. As you learn how to write essays in general, it will be helpful for you to read samples of different essay topics that you might come across while you're researching.

Writing Style Essay - 1326 Words

Writing Style I hear inner Strunk and White voices of â€Å"don’t overwrite†, â€Å"write in a way that comes naturally,† and so forth, going through my head. I have visions of endless Williams examples and illustrations on clarity. I see weeks of blog writings flashing through my memory. From all of this, I now own and believe in a firm and personal definition of what style is and what good writing entails. William Strunk and E.B. White’s book The Elements of Style, along with Joseph M. Williams’s book Style Toward Clarity and Grace helped lead me to this point, which is: what is the point? What really matters when we consider the style of writing? What makes good writing good? Every writer could†¦show more content†¦There must be guidelines. Strunk and White and Williams share those thoughts with their readers, and while I do not agree with all of their rules, as a writer, I believe within these style books I have found guidelines in which writers can fulfill their purpose. As a reader, I feel that if writers follow some of the guidelines Strunk and White and Williams have to offer to the world, I can come away from a piece of writing affected. The next question would be: how is a reader affected? Well, a reader cannot be affected unless a piece of writing is presented clearly. A piece of writing must be written in a way that any person can pick it up, read it, and not only understand the point the author is trying to convey through her/his writing, but be able to follow the flow of information. For that to take place, the information must be presented in a clear manner. I believe this to be an important part of style; without it the style of a piece of writing can be lost. One of Strunk and White’s principles of composition suggests that writers â€Å"express coordinate ideas in similar form.† It goes on to explain that, â€Å"†¦expressions similar in content and function be outwardly similar. â€Å"The likeness of form enables the reader to recognize more readily the likeness of content and function† (26). By expressing similar ideas in the same or similar form, readers are able to better understand how the ideas relate to each otherShow MoreRelatedMy Writing Style Of Writing905 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout this class I have learn many different writing styles. We used APA form of writing to type our paper and essay. I have also learned that it’s good to take your time and spend more time thinking about what to write, other than just righting a paper right off back. I have learned that it’s not a good idea to write a paper on the day it’s done, that’s more like a ruff daft. My t eacher have helped me understand different point of writing. Which all writing deal with an ethos, pathos and logos, eitherRead MoreWriting Styles Essay example646 Words   |  3 PagesWriting Styles In this essay I will be going into detail about three different writing styles used in health and social care. I will also be comparing the writing styles against each other. Persuasive Writing – Persuasive writing is all about trying to get someone’s attention on something. Persuasive writing use’s specific features which help the information used to become persuasive towards the audience. This could include using present tense, using emotive language, using rhetorical questionsRead More My Writing Style1718 Words   |  7 PagesWhenever I get a writing assignment for class, it seems like a chore. I don’t have a problem with writing, but papers always seem to take more time than they should. Maybe this is due to poor planning on my part, but essays are usually an ordeal, and I dread actually doing the work to finish one. The task is simple enough, but putting it off always seems like a better alternative to writing. I do think about the paper that I have to write, but I do not put thoughts and ideas into a paper or outlineRead MoreMy Writing And Writing Style Essay1300 Words   |  6 Pagesbutterfly, my writing style transfo rmed from something mediocre to something quite exceptional. In high school, even when I took advanced placement English and Literature courses, I was never good at writing. My writing would lack structure, reasoning, syntax, and a well-defined thesis statement. My inadequate grades on writing assignments lowered my self-esteem, so I assumed I would never enjoy writing papers because I believed I could never improve. However, since attending a university my writing styleRead MoreMy Writing Style And Writing890 Words   |  4 PagesWriting was never a known weakness of mine. However, I could never confidently call it a strength. 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The Iranian Islamic Revolution - 832 Words

The Iranian Islamic Revolution was a political and religious upheaval of the Pahlavi monarchy, having been installed in 1941, to a theocracy built upon the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurists; velayate faqih. The dissolution of the monarchy was replaced by an Islamic Republic, guided by an eighty year old religious scholar who had returned from exile after fourteen years. The revolution itself was deemed â€Å"impossible until it was inevitable† (Source 52). The reasoning comes from the lack of routine causes for a revolution which include: a military defeat, financial crisis, a rebellion by the peasant class, mounting national debt, and a disgruntled military. In addition the Pahlavi monarchy was supported by a relatively modern army with a†¦show more content†¦After this hostile takeover, his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was crowned as the Shah and would rule until 1979. During his reign though, a brief transfer of power transpired when in 1953 the Shah fled Iran when a power struggle ensued with the Prime Minister, Moahammad Mossadegh. Iranians claim that he was democratically elected and during this brief period nationalized the oil fields which were British owned. This policy instituted a coup d’à ©tat orchestrated by the CIA, known as operation AJAX, and British MI6, operation boot. In 2013 the CIA formally admitted that it was involved in the coup. (Insert Source) With successful ousting of the Prime Minister the Shah returned to Iran and continued his reign, though it would be forever soured because of the operations and his continuing closeness with the foreign powers who installed him. Upon the return of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi he began a renewed effort to economically and socially modernize Iran. The Shah attempted to balance an increase in power by instituting reforms that would gain the favor of common Iranians. 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Ayatollah Khomeini was the leader of that Iranian revolution against the shah. Khomeini marched

Gaia Hypothesis Essay Research Paper Explain Lovelock free essay sample

Gaia Hypothesis Essay, Research Paper Explain Lovelock # 8217 ; s # 8220 ; Gaia Hypothesis. # 8221 ; Be certain to include the construct of mutualism or symbiosis. What function do human existences play in this hypothesis? The Gaia Hypothesis is the theory that populating beings and inorganic stuff are portion of a dynamic system that shape Earth # 8217 ; s biosphere, in Lynn Margulis # 8217 ; s words, a # 8220 ; super organismal system # 8221 ; . The Earth is a self-acting environment ; a individual, incorporate, collaborating and populating system # 8211 ; a ace being that regulates physical conditions to maintain the environment hospitable for life development therefore is the consequence of concerted non competitory procedures. In the mid-1960 # 8217 ; s, Dr James Lovelock was approached by the NASA, who asked him for aid in seeking for life on Mars. In 1965, Lovelock proposed some physical trials for finding whether Mars held life or non. He proposed that a top-down position of the full planet be employed. The trial would analyse the composing of the planet # 8217 ; s atmosphere. If it held no life, the planet should hold an ambiance near to the chemical equilibrium province, as determined by chemical science and natural philosophies. If the planet held life, the metabolic activities of life signifiers would ensue in an ambiance far from the equilibrium province. Lovelock examined the atmospheric information for the Martian ambiance and found it to be in a province of stable chemical equilibrium, while the Earth was shown to be in a province of utmost chemical disequilibrium. He concluded that Mars was likely exanimate. In that same twelvemonth, Lovelock began to believe that such an improbable combination of gases such as the Earth had, indicated a homeostatic of the Earth biosphere to keep environmental conditions conducive for life, in a kind of cybernetic feedback cringle, an active control system. By the terminal of the 1960 # 8217 ; s, Lovelock had definitively organized his theory. The novelist William Golding, Lovelock # 8217 ; s neighbour, suggested he name the control system Gaia, after the ancient Greek Earth Goddess. First on his ain in 1972, and so subsequently in 1973 with American microbiologist Lynn Margulis, Lovelock officially proposed the thought of Gaia as a control system. The name for the complex system of clime control has remained # 8220 ; Gaia # 8221 ; since so, and in 1979 his book, Gaia # 8211 ; a new expression at life on Earth foremost presented the Gaia hypothesis to the wider populace. Gaia has become a really of import in the homo. The Gaia hypothesis # 8230 ; say ( s ) that the ambiance, the oceans, the clime, and the crust of the Earth are regulated at a province comfortable for life because of the behaviour of life beings. Specifically, the Gaia hypothesis said that the temperature, oxidization province, sourness and certain facets of the stones and Waterss are at any clip kept changeless, and that this homeostasis is maintained by acti ve feedback processes operated automatically and unconsciously the biology. Solar energy sustains comfy conditions for life. The conditions are merely changeless in the short term and germinate in synchronism with the altering demands of the biology as it evolves. Life and its environment are so closely coupled that development concerns Gala, non the beings or the environment taken separately.† The mutualistic system that James Lovelock has suggested brushs all of life on Earth. Diverse groups of beings all around the universe ( plankton in the oceans, trees in the woods, bacteriums in swamps etc. ) are working together to assist stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment, and maintain the Earth habitable for life itself. For case, they keep the Earth # 8217 ; s temperature reasonably changeless despite long-run fluctuations in the Sun # 8217 ; s energy end product ( forestalling the Earth from either stop deading or acquiring excessively hot for life ) , and they help to maintain the ambiance filled with O, and prevent the oceans from going filled with awful azotic acid. They help keep a sensible sum of rainfall over the Earth # 8217 ; s set down surface, and transport critical foods ( such as I ) needed by land workss from the sea to the land. To me this thought of a expansive planetary symbiosis seems to run foul of the basic job that most beings are engaged in much shorter term conflicts for endurance ( against other members of their ain species, against other viing species and against marauders and quarry ) that determine their behavior much more than any long-run end of salvaging the planet over 1000s and 1000000s of old ages. Besides, if the # 8216 ; enticement # 8217 ; to rip off in a symbiosis is great on the graduated table of flowers and bees, believe how alluring and easy it would be for an being to rip off on the graduated table of the whole planet, with mechanisms frequently taking 1000s of old ages to run. It # 8217 ; s non as is the bad effects of rip offing are merely around the corner, or that they increase perceptibly if you as an single darnel because there are so many one million millions and millions of beings involved in the relationship. I truly can # 8217 ; t believe that such a symbiosis would # 8216 ; work # 8217 ; . It may be that as a fortunate, incidental # 8216 ; by merchandise # 8217 ; of their of all time twenty-four hours activities, beings help stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment, but non because they have evolved features specifically for this intent. If the Gaia mechanisms truly do work to stabilise the Earth # 8217 ; s environment for all the life on Earth, so in a sense I suppose it is a existent symbiosis, in that it works ; but it # 8217 ; s one that hasn # 8217 ; t been selected for. Seems to me that the beings involved in commanding the Earth # 8217 ; s environment have non been selected by development for being good at taking portion in this symbiosis, they merely by the way go on to hold these good effects on the planet while traveling about their normal day-to-day concern.

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Essay Example

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Paper Wireless system security issues Essay Introduction To put the topic of wireless security and privacy in context, one should look no further than the negative press that wireless networks and communications have received over the past decades in the area of security. Overall, securing wireless networks is distinctly different from securing â€Å"wired† networks. In part, this is due to the fact that wireless networks are open: open because the radio medium is a broadcast medium, which means adversaries can easily witness anything that is transmitted; and open because wireless devices are commodity items—adversaries can easily purchase low-cost wireless devices and, with little effort, use these platforms to launch attacks. Further complicating matters is the fact that there are many types of wireless networks (ranging from cellular to WiFi to WiMax to MANET/sensor networks to cognitive radios), and each of these networks have varying security and privacy requirements. Further complicating matters is the fact that, genera lly, wireless networks lack a trusted infrastructure, must inherently support mobility, and are subject to severe resource constraints (e.g. bandwidth and energy). http://www.apc.org/english/news/index.shtml?x=5038261 These basic properties have led to a broad array of security challenges that, although they might exist in wired networks, are far easier to perform in wireless networks. Some notable security threats that face wireless networks include attacks at the physical layer (e.g. jamming), attacks against network functionality (e.g. routing threats such as wormhole attacks), attacks against identity (e.g. Sybil attacks and identity spoofing), and collaborative attacks involving geographically distributed enemies. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Introduction We will discuss the wireless technology of Wi-Fi, this is the trade name for a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. Wi-Fi is supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system and most advanced game consoles Wireless system security issues Essay Body Paragraphs The purpose of Wi-Fi is to hide complexity by enabling wireless access to applications and data, media and streams. The main aims of Wi-Fi are to; Enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, both architectures can operate in community networks. In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities wh o wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications. When wireless networking technology first entered the market many problems ensued for consumers who could not rely on products from different vendors working together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue — aiming to address the needs of the end-user and to allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to reassure consumers that products will interoperate with other products displaying the same branding. Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal com puters can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly. Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router. As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward â€Å"thin† access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere â€Å"dumb† radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions. Threats posed by Wireless networks The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to an â€Å"open† (encryption-free) mode. Novice users’ benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any wireless security enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user t o configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data. http://nocat.net/ In order to tackle the problems associated with securing wireless networks, one must step back and examine the full scope of the problem. Several interesting issues that warrant investigation in these topical areas are identified as follows: Confidentiality: The wireless medium is easy to sniff, and as a result it is necessary to support encryption services and key management. Challenging issues arise related to establishing and maintaining keys for entities that have never had prior relationships. Integrity: Wireless hardware/equipment need to be safe from modification—especially in light of the fact that they are small, portable and easily capable of being pilfered. For ensics: Due to their accessibility, wireless networks will be the platform of choice for conducting attacks against the broader network infrastructure. An important question is how and whether the network should keep track of forensic evidence. Privacy: The perpetual connectivity provided by wireless networks can also mean constant surveillance. As an example, through simple snooping one can monitor mobility and handoffs between networks. The implications of perpetual connectivity on aspects related to user privacy are an important issue that warrants investigation. Location: Location is a new form of information provided by wireless systems that will facilitate new services. Location information needs to be trustworthy, and may be used to support more robust security mechanisms (e.g. location-oriented access control). Intrusions: The pervasiveness of wireless networks should not mean that just anyone can participate without proper authorization. There have been numerous examples of security threats, such as rogue access points, that arise because of the drive for wireless connectivity and which represent threats to organizational (e.g. enterprise) security policies. Availability: The value of a wireless network lies in its promise of ubiquitous connectivity. Unfortunately, wireless networks are also easy to â€Å"break† (e.g. jamming and denial of service). Developing more robust communication mechanisms, at all layers of the stack, will be important to assuring wireless connectivity. Non-repudiation: One potential advantage of wireless communications arises from the fact that RF energy radiates. Although this implies that it is possible for an adversary to eavesdrop on communications, it also implies that wireless entities within the radio coverage pattern may serve as witnesses for the actions of the transmitter. Resources: Wireless devices have unique resource considerations. In particular, energy and bandwidth are important factors to take into con sideration when designing security solutions. One serious issue with wireless network security is not just encryption, but access to the network (signal reception). With wired networking it is necessary to get past either a firewall or the security guard locked doors. With wireless it is only necessary to get reception and spend as long as you want, comfortably out of (easy) reach of the network owner. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Thus being able to get wireless reception (and thus possibly break the encryption) becomes an attack vector on the network as well. Recreational logging and mapping of other people’s access points has become known as wardriving. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed piggybacking. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. In a Florida court case[citation needed], owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse. http://nocat.net/ Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as Windows XP SP2 and Mac OS X may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter’s signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wr ong middle man when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an insecure network to login to a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website is using an insecure protocol like HTTP, rather than a secure protocol like . 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