An Idea Of The Utilitarian Perspective - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 798 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category Ethics Essay Level High school Tags: Utilitarianism Essay Did you like this example? When we consider the concept of utilitarianism we base it on the pleasures and pains we encounter and how they balance regarding maximizing happiness overall. As Jeremy Bentham defines, â€Å"whatever will maximize utility; producing the most pleasure or happiness and avoiding or preventing pain or suffering† in Sandel’s Justice (2007). When taking a utilitarianism viewpoint, the results and consequences, such as the overall happiness, are the focus point. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Idea Of The Utilitarian Perspective" essay for you Create order Even further, John Stuart Mill’s principle of liberty argues that maximizing utility while regarding the long run can be acquired through regarding individual liberty and lead to maximum happiness overall (Sandel 2007). Utilitarianism essentially argues our actions are not as relevant as the outcome they produce, which is the importance we hold in maintaining happiness, and how the desire for happiness drives most of what we do. It also implies the importance of overall happiness in a community or as a whole versus the avoidance of pain and suffering and the desire to obtain such a balance of happiness over pain. So, when we regard the â€Å"greatest good for the greatest number† concept via utilitarianism as said earlier by Bentham, the concept of a proposed Universal Basic Income should be questioned as to who and how many will be experiencing this â€Å"greater good† and how it affects them in a utilitarianism viewpoint. The simple idea of a proposed UBI of $12,000 a year seems like a parallel concept with utilitarianism on the surface but there may be some deeper roots regarding whether this approach would support such a proposal. In utilitarianism this UBI idea could provide an overall accepted proposal in a group theory, such that the majority of people would benefit and acquire the most happiness as a whole, not just independently. The proposal of a UBI seems to be a very progressive one. It can provide substantial help in just simple livelihood and basic living expenses especially for lower class or lower income communities. The utilitarian prospective would agree that in theory this proposal would in fact support such a fundamental help for the whole of people and provide the most happiness for the greatest number within survival means. When considering the benefits of happiness as a whole broken down into the higher class and lower classes, we could assume that since the top 1% holds the highest number of income the rest of the population would have been influenced far greater by the UBI. When we look closer at this assumption a utilitarianism outlook would agree that since the higher population stands within a lower net worth than the top 1% who, although holds a higher net worth, would show that the maximum happiness would be obtained for the greater as a whole community. Regardless if the taxes resulted in those with high incomes paying back the money obtained by the UBI, the overall happiness as a whole would still be balanced with the greater pleasure for the whole over the potential pain. Some underlying presumptions could include that, assuming existing programs that help those with limited means are to remain, the source for such a proposal would come from higher taxes and affect those with higher incomes more. Assuming that the taxes collected for this program wouldn’t affect those with higher incomes significantly enough to be a major problem, utilitarianism would agree that although those with higher incomes would essentially pay back the money from the UBI the overall happiness would increase as a whole. This can be presumed since those with lower incomes would now have a basis for living, and even if there is still a gap between net worth of lower and higher incomes, the majority of people would now have the ability to invest in basic living expenses, presumably increasing overall happiness and decreasing pain and suffering. However, looking deeper into the utilitarian perspective, overall happiness may have some levels to context. Although this proposed UBI can provide a basic income providing enough money to stay above the poverty line and may give people more opportunities with their lives and dreams, situationally it may still drive a gap between availability to certain living conditions and locations. Even though new money wouldn’t be created, since it is collected through higher taxes, so inflation wouldn’t occur, this proposed UBI still wouldn’t provide enough money for people to live â€Å"lavishly† or even within certain higher cost living areas, such as city living versus suburban living, or social settings for those with lower income. So, a utilitarian might argue that although overall people would be living in a basic income comfortably, able to avoid the welfare program requirements and invest in self-interests, there might still be some clear differences in oppo rtunities and life styles and living locations between those with lower income and higher incomes.

Changing The Face Of Poverty - 1238 Words

Words provoke preconceived ideas and images in the mind, when it comes to a situation like poverty these preconceived notions can have undesirable and unintended consequences. Diana George examines the semantics and the imagery of the word poverty in her article titled â€Å"Changing the Face of Poverty; Nonprofits and the Problem of Representation. While also addressing the issue of the perception poverty and what someone in poverty truly looks like (676). Prof. George is arguing that organizations like Habitat for Humanity, which are created to help people in poverty actually perpetuate the wrong image of what someone in poverty looks like (678). Most organizations created to help those in need, especially those in the US tend to portray poverty as what is seen and thought of as living conditions in Third World countries (683). In reality, poverty is all around each and every one of us in this country on a daily basis, and people might not always recognize it for what it is (681,6 82). Furthermore, the majority of people living in poverty in the United States do not live like or look like someone living in a Third World country. But in reality they are still living in poverty nonetheless (682,683). Organizations that portray people living in poverty here in the US as totally devastated and completely impoverished are doing a disservice to the people they are attempting to help. Consequently, by doing this they are giving a limiting idea of what someone living in povertyShow MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of The Habitat Of Poverty By Diana George725 Words   |  3 Pages In the article in the textbook (Changing the Face of poverty) by Diana George represents the children who are going through poverty by showing an image of a little girl. Who is used to present the world on how poverty can really traumatize the people who are living through it, so the viewers can consume a better understanding for those who have never witness the terrible outcome of what poverty can d o to men, women, and children. Also, mentions an organization called Habitat of Humanity who sheRead MoreFace Of Poverty1641 Words   |  7 Pages The text Changing the Face of Poverty by Diana George and the text Homeless on Campus by Eleanor J. Bader deals with the main idea of poverty in its different forms across America. The authors want to prove that people are turning a blind eye towards poverty because many people do not see it in their everyday lives. If the rising destitution in America would be acknowledged, programs such as Habitat for Humanity and the LeTendre Education fund could be more efficient in tending to the needs ofRead MoreClimate Change and Poverty1734 Words   |  7 PagesClimate Change and Poverty Over the past few decades, a major concern is the threat climate change possess for today’s economy. Millions of people are affected each and every day by climate change but this is just the beginning of the worst. One thing that seems to go unharmed by climate change is social status; how long will money last as a barrier to the effects of Mother Nature? How does poverty increase the risks associated the devastating powers of climate change? When speaking in termsRead MoreJeannee Castles Views On Poverty In The Glass Castle1263 Words   |  6 Pagesescape the poverty-stricken lives of their parents. In her descriptions of her life and the lives of her family members, Walls influenced my ideas about poverty, homelessness, and escaping hard lives. Jeannette Walls’ The Glass Castle influenced my ideas about poverty by showing me that poverty can yield positive results. Before reading The Glass Castle, I believed that all poverty was tragic and life ruining. I thought that nothing positive or advantageous could come of out poverty. ReadingRead MoreIs The Best Approach Tackle Global Poverty? Essay1554 Words   |  7 Pagestackle global poverty? Discuss with reference to free trade, fair trade and foreign aid. Poverty, the state of being extremely poor, affects a large proportion of the global population who are unable to access adequate levels of food, shelter, healthcare and education. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that reducing poverty is considered to be a net positive without addressing the concept from a variety of theoretical lenses. The World Bank quantitatively defines those living in poverty as individualsRead MorePublic Education System For Education1688 Words   |  7 Pageseducation while students in a low poverty community receive a higher quality of education. It is frustrating that even when socio-economic statuses are rapidly merging and changing that an educational achievement gap still exists between low-income minority students in inner city schools and their white higher income counterparts who live in the suburbs. Educators, policymakers, and researchers all attest to the fact that a large number of schools, particularly in high poverty inner city schools, ar e ineffectivelyRead MoreThe Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesToni Cade Bambara addresses how knowledge is the means by which one can escape out of poverty in her story The Lesson. In her story she identifies with race, economic inequality, and literary epiphany during the early 1970’s. In this story children of African American progeny come face to face with their own poverty and reality. This realism of society’s social standard was made known to them on a sunny afternoon field trip to a toy store on Fifth Avenue. Through the use of an African American protagonistRead MorePoverty in Canada Essay1492 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty in Canada Sociology 1000: Writing Assignment 11/26/2012 Cassandra Vincent How can there be so many people in poverty? It is all around us even though Canada has made the G20 Richest Nations; they still have one of the highest poverty rates for in the industrialized world. Through reading many articles such as Ann Duffy and Nancy Mandell’s â€Å"Poverty in Canada†, others that I have found online, and my own personal experience I have learned the numerous reasons why so many people inRead MoreEffects of Inner-City Poverty on Youth Essay example881 Words   |  4 PagesUrban High-Poverty Areas on Youth With the rising poverty levels in today’s society, the amount of youth that has been affected by poverty has increased substantially, rising more than fifty percent in the last twenty years. Studies show that there are at least nine million kids living in high-poverty areas of the United States. Children raised in poverty have no choice, but are forced to view the American dream in a very grim manner. For children and young kids growing up in high poverty areas drugsRead MoreClimate Change Challenges986 Words   |  4 Pageshighlighted the risks it poses to rural livelihoods associated with changing weather patterns and sea level rise. The risks arising from climate change are projected to be unequally distributed globally and regionally. African continent is most vulnerable to the effects of climate change despite being the least global greenhouse gas emitter. The continents highest vulnerability is exacerbated by inadequate awareness, widespread poverty, overreliance on climate sensitive natural resources for livelihood

Roman Catholic Saints Free Essays

Well there are over 2,500 according to Roman Catholicism sources, but no definitive count. This is because many were put into saint hood a long time ago by popular demand of the people. How the Church chooses saints Canonization, the process the Church uses to name a saint, has only been used since the tenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Roman Catholic Saints or any similar topic only for you Order Now For hundreds of years, saints were chosen by public acclaim. Though this was a more democratic way to recognize saints, some saints’ stories were distorted by legend and some never existed. Gradually, the bishops and finally the Vatican took over authority for approving saints. In 1983, Pope John Paul II made sweeping changes in the canonization procedure. The process begins after the death of a Catholic whom people regard as holy. Often, the process starts many years after death in order give perspective on the candidate. The local bishop investigates the candidate’s life and writings for heroic virtue. Then a panel of theologians at the Vatican evaluates the candidate. After approval by the panel and cardinals of the Congregation for the Causes of Saints, the pope proclaims the candidate â€Å"venerable. The next step, beatification, requires evidence of one miracle (except in the case of martyrs). Since miracles are considered proof that the person is in heaven and can intercede for us, the miracle must take place after the candidate’s death and as a result of a specific petition to the candidate. When the pope proclaims the candidate beatified or â€Å"blessed,† the person can be venerated by a particular region or group of people with whom the person holds special importance. Only after one more miracle will the pope canonize the saint (this includes martyrs as well). The title of saint tells us that the person lived a holy life, is in heaven, and is to be honored by the universal Church. Canonization does not â€Å"make† a person a saint; it recognizes what God has already done. When the church began honoring saints By the year 100 A. D. , Christians were honoring other Christians who had died, and asking for their intercession. Many people think that honoring saints was something the Church set up later, but it was part of Christianity from the very beginning. As a matter of fact, this practice came from a long-standing tradition in the Jewish faith of honoring prophets and holy people with shrines. The first saints were martyrs, people who had given up their lives for the Faith in the persecution of Christians. Keeping statues or pictures is not idolatry Look at the pictures of your loved ones in your wallet or around your home or office. Why do you keep these particular pictures? You might answer that you carry those pictures to remind you of people you love, to help you feel that they’re close to you when you’re not together, or to share with people you meet. But you probably didn’t say you worshipped them. Those are some of the same reasons we have statues and pictures of saints. Seeing a statue of Saint Therese of Lisieux who lost her mother when she was a child might make us feel less alone when we are grieving. A picture of Saint Francis of Assisi might remind us of how much he loved God’s creation and make us more aware of our environment. We pray with saints We pray with saints, not to them. Have you ever asked anyone to pray for you when you were having a hard time? Why did you choose to ask that person? You may have chosen someone you could trust, or someone who understood your problem, or someone who was close to God. Those are all reasons we ask saints to pray for us in times of trouble. Since saints led holy lives and are close to God in heaven, we feel that their prayers are particularly effective. Often we ask particular saints to pray for us if we feel they have a particular interest in our problem. For example, many people ask Saint Monica to pray for them if they have trouble with unanswered prayers, because Monica prayed for twenty years for her son to be converted. Finally her prayers were answered in a way she never dreamed of — her son, Augustine, became a canonized saint and a Doctor of the Church. Bread and Wine Symbol Bread and Wine/Wheat and Grapes: Because of the bread and wine they produce, the symbols of wheat and grapes are often used to designate the Eucharist. Bread is the basic food of every culture and of every age in human history. Made from the toil of human hands, the many grains of wheat are transformed and become one to nourish and sustain us. A meal, in which bread is broken and shared, becomes a means of bonding human beings together. This is the sign Jesus used to describe Himself as the â€Å"Bread of Life. Following His command, in faith we take and eat this Bread, His Body, and become one with Him. From ancient times wine is associated with banquets, joy and celebration, a gift of God to gladden our hearts. The grapes, like the grains of wheat used for bread, are fruits of the earth and give of themselves in order that we might celebrate and be glad. This sign which Jesus used for His Blood, speaks to us of giving and of sacrifice in order that we might enjoy the benefits of His love in the banquet which is the foretaste of heavenly joy How to cite Roman Catholic Saints, Papers

Business Law and Ethics Tower Flours

Question: Discuss about the Business Law and Ethicsfor Tower Flours. Answer: Introduction In this case Mikaela is the owner of a cake shop and the ingredients come to her shop is from Tower Flours. The owner of Tower Flours is Ricky. Before ordering flour from Tower Flours, Mikaela confirmed that whether the flour is gluten-free or not because the flour with gluten may cause problem to health and the customer of Mikaelas shop had demand of gluten-free cake. An online contract has taken place between Mikaela and Ricky, the owner of Tower Flours but in the online contract the terms were not described. Verbal contract or oral contract has been occurred between Ricky, the owner of Tower Flours and Mikaela, the owner of a cake shop[1]. It is necessary that while among a contract between two parties, the terms and conditions should be written in the legal contract but in this case oral contract took place where it was assured that the flour will be gluten-free but in the online contract that term was not written. So it can be ethically said that there is an implied contract where terms are discussed orally by in an expressive or clear way, it is not discussed in any contract document or online contract that the flour will be gluten-free. An implied contract took place between Mikaela and Ricky (Tower Flours) that almond flour will be gluten-free[2]. Generally there are some principles of business law that while forming any contract or agreement between two parties, it is important that the terms and conditions should be clearly stated in a written way, so that no one can breach nay of the terms and breaching the contract may ask penalty from the guilty party by the innocent party. In a common law of Australia while doing contract some of the rules are needed to be appropriately stated[3]. It is necessary that in the agreement or deal of Mikaela and Tower Flours (Ricky) it was needed to be stated in the online agreement that the flour must be gluten free which was not done. The agreement was discussed in an implied term and the type of the contract was written type between Mikaela and Tower Flours (Ricky). For the wedding ceremony of Dan and Jacob an order was taken by Mikaela. Dan and Jacob ordered for an almond four cake but they have not mentioned that they need gluten free cake as Dan has coelic disease which can herm her. So in this case, order was given but in order any instructions were not mentioned and even it was not mentioned that the cake has to be gluten free. So in this case any implied contract has not took place between Mikaela and Dan and Jacob[4]. According to common law of Australia, as Fan and Jacob has not ordered for a gluten-free cake so they can neither sue Mikaela and nor can breach the contract between them. Exclusion occurs in this place because when the cake in the shop of Mikaela is sold in market it is sold by saying that the flour through which the cake is made is gluten free. In this case people are falsified or victim of misleading by her. Even Mikaela is misleaded or cheated by Tower Flours, who assured her that, the four which they are selling are gluten free. Mikaela is affected by Misrepresentation Act of 1972. In case of this act if any false statement is given to someone then it is known as misrepresentation act which is the case of misleading[5]. In this scenario Tower Flours can be sued by Mikaela according to section 2 of Misrepresentation Act of 1972. As implied tem of the contract is breached so Mikaela can sue Tower Flours for misleading the oral contract. In case of Dan and Jacob, they have ordered cake by knowing that gluten free cake is available with Mikaela. So in this case Dan and Jacob cannot directly sue Mikaela but they may claim on the quality of the product which is available with him[6]. There is a reputation of Mikaela that he sells gluten free good bakery products but consumers are not satisfied with his product as Dan has felt some reactions after eating the cake made by her. In this case as contract has not been made so they directly cannot sue her but according to Australian Consumer Rights Act 2011, Dan and Jacob can ask back for the refund from Mikaela[7]. As per Consumer Rights Act the customer can claim of the quality of the product[8]. So in this Mikaela cannot be sue but can ask monetary refund or penalty by Dan and Jacob for their health issue which they experienced after eating he cake which was not gluten free. When Kimiko ordered cake in the shop of Mikaela she stated some o the conditions before giving the order. Kimiko said that the cake will be chocolate cake which will cover with a purple and blue icing, as she was planning the cake for a sports function. After making the agreement of the cake order with Mikaela, Kimiko found a sign in a wall that they are not responsible for the breach of the warranty. After getting delivery of the cake Kimiko found that the colour of the icing was green and blue which was not ordered to Mikaela. This was the mistake of Mikaela because she has not given the appropriate colour of icing which was needed. In this case the icing colour is the condition. This is not the warranty. This is the condition because everything was clearly stated when the contract formation was taking place[9]. Negligence has done by Mikaela in taking the order or making the product which was ordered so in this case refund or penalty may have to be asked from Mikaela by Kimiko but if the quality or delivery of time was breached then it could by warranty and no can be done on breach of warranty which is stated in the sign of the wall by Mikaela. When the order has been given by Kimiko, it was clearly stated that the cake will be chocolate cake and the icing of the cake will be blue and purple, as it is for sports purpose. All the descriptions are the conditions of the order. Among the entire conditions one was breached by Mikaela because of her negligence and carelessness. She has used wrong icing colour on the cake which was her careless act. Condition is the root of any contract and if any rule or terms of the condition is breached then the contract may be cancelled by the innocent party. In this case Kimiko can cancel the order or ask for the refund as Mikaela has delivered wrong order. In case of breach of condition in a contract the innocent party has right to terminate the contract which can be done by Kimiko[10]. There should be some basic principles of any condition in a contract that elements and terms of the contract should be fulfilled by both the parties and the person who breaches the term or condition should be asked penalty from him. In this case scenario breach of duty of care has done by Mikaela because she has performed careless cake in doing the icing of the cake[11]. It is the duty of Mikaela to appropriately take the order and make those things understood to the worker of her company before delivering the cake. So in this case Mikaela has not taken the order appropriately and not fulfilled her duty and breached both the duty and conditions of the order or agreement. The colour which she used was wrong and by this way negligence is done by her and duty of care is breached. In this case neighbours principle is hurt and Kimiko is the neighbour whose principle is hurt because her plan for arranging cake in the sports function was not fulfilled because of the wrong colour of icing on the chocolate cake which ordered. In this case Mikaela is highly responsible for such mistake and for that reason she may be asked penalty. In this case financial penalty should be asked from Mikaela. In a business law there are some ethical principles which are needed to be fulfilled by those people who make contract between each other[12]. It is necessary that ethical rules should be fulfilled because any contract in a business should have some terms and conditions which are needed to be fulfilled whenever necessary.